Coaxial cable, sometimes just called "coax," is a specific kind of electrical cable made for the effective, low-loss transfer of high-frequency communications, including data, video, and radio frequency (RF) signals. It is an essential component of broadcasting, networking, and telecommunications systems due to its special structure, which reduces electromagnetic interference (EMI) and signal leakage.
Core Structure of Coaxial Cable
A standard coaxial cable consists of five concentric layers, each serving a critical role in signal transmission and protection. From the innermost to the outermost layer, the structure is as follows:
Center Conductor：Solid copper / Stranded copper
Insulating Dielectric：Polyethylene PE, PVC, or Teflon
Shielding Layer： Braided copper, Foil, or Combination
Jacket：PVC, Polyethylene, or Flame-retardant materials
Working Principle
The coaxial cable's performance relies on the coaxial design and the properties of the dielectric:
The shielding layer acts as a "ground" and creates a Faraday cage, isolating the center conductor from external electrical noise. This ensures the signal remains stable even in high-interference environments.
The dielectric layer maintains a consistent distance between the center conductor and shield, which is critical for preserving the cable's characteristic impedance. Common impedance values include 50 ohms and 75 ohms.
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